Vietnamese language

Vietnamese (Vietnamese "Tiếng Việt"), a tonal language, is the national and official language of Vietnam. It is the mother tongue of 87% of Vietnam's population, in addition to about two million Vietnamese emigrants, including a significant number of Vietnamese-Americans. Although it contains many vocabulary borrowings from Chinese and was originally written using Chinese characters, it is considered by linguists to be one of the Austroasiatic languages, of which it has the most speakers (the second language being the Khmer language).

Presently, the written language uses a Roman character set called quốc ngữ (national language). It was introduced in the 17th century by a French Jesuit missionary named Alexandre de Rhodes (1591-1660), based on works of earlier Portuguese missionaries. With the occupation of the French in the 19th century, it became popular and by the late 20th century virtually all writings were done in quốc ngữ. Previous to French occupation, there were two primary writing systems used - the standard ideographic Chinese character set called chữ nho (scholar's characters, 漢文), and an extremely complicated variant form known as chữ nôm (southern characters, 字喃).

The Chinese writing was in more common usage, whereas chữ nôm was used by members of the educated elite. Both scripts have fallen out of common usage in modern Vietnam, and chữ nôm is near-extinct.

The six tones in Vietnamese are:

ASCII Symbol	ASCII Name	Unicode Name	Description	Sample Unicode Vowel (e)
	Kho^ng	Không	no tone (flat)	e
/	Sa('c	Sắc	rising	é
`	Huye^`n	Huyền	falling	è
?	Ho?i	Hỏi	dipping	ẻ
~	Nga~	Ngã	dipping (but not as low)	ẽ
.	Na(.ng	Nặng	low, glottal	ẹ

Tone markers are written above the vowel they affect, with the exception of Nặng, where the dot goes below the vowel. For example, the common family name:

Nguyễn

begins with SAMPA /N/ (this sound is difficult for native English speakers to place at the beginning of a word), and is followed by something approximated by the English word "win". The ~ indicates a dipping tone; start somewhat low, go down in pitch, then rise to the end of the word.

Vietnamese is a monosyllabic language, although many compound words are present. Diphthongs and triphthongs are very common. There are various mutually intelligible dialects (as intelligible as the dialects of English found in the United States), the main ones being North (Hà Nội), Central (Huế) and South (Sài Gòn). These dialects differ slightly in tone, although the Huế dialect is somewhat more different than others. The current standard pronunciation and spellings are based on the dialect of an educated Hà Nội speaker.

Consonants
 

	Bilabial	Alveolar	Retroflex	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Stops		t/TD>	t	[ty]	k
Fricatives		s/TD>	/z	Z	x/[Y]	h
Nasals	m	n		ñ	N
Liquids		l

*/ is an unvoiced, aspirated alveolar stop

Vowels