Network congestion avoidance
Network congestion avoidance is a process used in networks to avoid Network congestion. The fundamental problem is that all network resources are limited, including router processing time and link bandwidth. Unless there is some sort of compensating process, users could easily increase their requests to the point where all network resources were consumed, making the network unusable (humorously called a "notwork"). Implementations of connection oriented flowss, such as the widely-used TCP protocol, generally measure/register packet errors, losses or delays, and adjust the transmit speed. There are many different network congestion avoidance processes, since there are a number of different trade-offs available.
TCP/IP congestion avoidance
Problems occur when many concurrent TCP-flows are experiencing port queue buffer tail-drops. Then TCP's automatic congestion avoidance is not enough. All flows that experience port queue buffer tail-drop, will begin a TCP retrain at the same moment - this is called TCP global synchronization.
RED
One solution is to use RED (Random Early Detection) on network equipments port queue buffer. On network equipment ports with more than one queue buffer, WRED (Weighted Random Early Detection) could be used if available. RED indirectly signals to sender and receiver by deleting some packets , eg. when the average queue buffer lengths are more than 50% filled and deletes exponentially more and more packets, when the average queue buffer lengths are approaching 100%. The average queue buffer lengths are computed over 1 second at a time.
IP ECN
Another approach is to use IP ECN (Explicit Congestion Notification). IP ECN are only used when the two hosts signal that they respect ECN. With this method, an ECN bit are set in a few selected packet headers to signal an explicit congestion. This is better in some respects than the indirect packet delete congestion notification performed by RED/WRED algorithm, but note that it requires explicit support by both hosts to be effective.
Flowbased-RED/WRED
Some network equipment are equipped with ports that can follow and measure each flow (flowbased-RED/WRED) and are hereby able to signal to a too big bandwidth flow according to some QoS policy. A policy could divide the bandwidth among all flows by some criteria.Cisco AQM: Dynamic buffer limiting (DBL)
Then firm Cisco has taken a step further in their Catalyst 4000 series with engine IV. The engine IV has the possibility to classify all connectionoriented flows in "aggressive" (bad) and "adaptive" (good). I realtime the engine IV ensures that no flows fills the port queues over a longer time. DBL can utilize IP ECN instead of packet-delete-signalling. See the sections in: Active Queue Management and Enabling Dynamic Buffer Limiting. Do other firms has something equivalent?Good things about Active Queue Management (RED, WRED, ECN, Cisco DBL)
The IETF's RFC2309: Recommendations on Queue Management and Congestion Avoidance in the Internet (April 1998) states that:
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