19th century
(18th century - 19th century - 20th century - more centuries)
As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th Century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900.
Events
- The Little Ice Age ended.
- Napoleon , conquers much of Europe, is ultimately defeated 1815 ; some old European regimes are restored, others not.
- The Libertadores lead most of Latin America to independence.
- Industrial Revolution continues and spreads, developments include the Rail Transport, telegraph, and telephone.
- Discovery of the relationships between magnetism and electricity and light by Hans Christian Řrsted and James Clerk Maxwell. (See:electromagnetism)
- Mass migration from Europe to the United States.
- During the reign of Queen Victoria, the United Kingdom experiences the Victorian Age, which is the age in which the United Kingdom is the leading economic power in the world.
- Political revolution and constitutional reform across Europe severely limits powers of monarchs, advances democracy.
- The religious revival of the Second Great Awakening in the eastern United States and Canada gives rise to unique, American, Christian religions during the era of Restorationism
- Gold discovered in Australia and throughout the west of the United States, leading to huge increases in national wealth and encouraging mass migration of free settlers there.
- Slavery ended in British colonies and in America. See American Civil War. End of global slave trade enforced by British navy.
- Charles Darwin revolutionizes biology with his theories of evolution, 1858.
- Europeans conquer and colonize most of Africa and parts of Asia.
- Karl Marx writes the Communist Manifesto, encouraging workers to revolt against owners.
- Meiji Restoration in 1868 opens Japan to modern influences and returns the emperor to power.
- Germany and Italy are formed as nations.
- Railroads make fast mass transit available to many. First Transcontinental Railroad finished in 1869 linking east to west in the United States.
- The electric telegraph and undersea cables make instant global communication possible for the first time.
- Postage Stamps introduced in Great Britain and soon thereafter, in many other countries.
- Manufactured goods become widely available by mail order
- Alexander II of Russia, Tsar
- Ludwig van Beethoven, composer
- Otto von Bismarck, German politician
- Simón Bolívar South American Liberator
- Napoleon Bonaparte, French emperor
- Empress Dowager Cixi of China
- Samuel Taylor Coleridge, poet, critic, thinker
- Charles Darwin, biologist
- Charles Dickens, author
- Benjamin Disraeli, novelist and politician
- Thomas Alva Edison, inventor
- Gottlob Frege, mathematician, logician and philosopher
- Antonio de La Gandara, painter
- Giuseppe Garibaldi, unifier of Italy
- Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, author, thinker
- Victor Hugo, author
- Abraham Lincoln, US president
- Karl Marx, political philosopher and economist
- William Morris, social reformer
- Napoleon III, French Emperor
- Friedrich Nietzsche, philosopher
- Louis Pasteur, biologist
- Edgar Allan Poe , author
- José de San Martín, South American Liberator
- Joseph Smith, Jr, religious leader, founder of Mormonism
- Dr. John Snow, the founder of epidemiology
- Mark Twain (Samuel Clemens), author
- Queen Victoria, monarch of the British Empire
- Brigham Young, Morman religious leader
- Automobile
- Electric light
- Motion pictures
- Phonograph
- Photography
- Repetition rifle
- Railroad Locomotive
- Steamship
- Telegraph
- Telephone
